コンテナーを利用した Python 開発
前提条件
Python アプリケーションのコンテナー化を完了していること。
概要
本節ではコンテナー化したアプリケーションに対する開発環境の構築方法を学びます。 ここでは以下を行います。
- ローカルデータベースを追加して、そのデータを維持します。
- Configuring Compose to automatically update your running Compose services as you edit and save your code
サンプルアプリケーションの入手
You'll need to clone a new repository to get a sample application that includes logic to connect to the database.
Change to a directory where you want to clone the repository and run the following command.
$ git clone https://github.com/estebanx64/python-docker-dev-example
In the cloned repository's directory, manually create the Docker assets or run
docker init
to create the necessary Docker assets.In the cloned repository's directory, run
docker init
. Refer to the following example to answer the prompts fromdocker init
.$ docker init Welcome to the Docker Init CLI! This utility will walk you through creating the following files with sensible defaults for your project: - .dockerignore - Dockerfile - compose.yaml - README.Docker.md Let's get started! ? What application platform does your project use? Python ? What version of Python do you want to use? 3.11.4 ? What port do you want your app to listen on? 8001 ? What is the command to run your app? python3 -m uvicorn app:app --host=0.0.0.0 --port=8001
Create a file named
.gitignore
with the following contents..gitignore# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files __pycache__/ *.py[cod] *$py.class # C extensions *.so # Distribution / packaging .Python build/ develop-eggs/ dist/ downloads/ eggs/ .eggs/ lib/ lib64/ parts/ sdist/ var/ wheels/ share/python-wheels/ *.egg-info/ .installed.cfg *.egg MANIFEST # Unit test / coverage reports htmlcov/ .tox/ .nox/ .coverage .coverage.* .cache nosetests.xml coverage.xml *.cover *.py,cover .hypothesis/ .pytest_cache/ cover/ # PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow and github.com/pdm-project/pdm __pypackages__/ # Environments .env .venv env/ venv/ ENV/ env.bak/ venv.bak/
If you don't have Docker Desktop installed or prefer creating the assets manually, you can create the following files in your project directory.
Create a file named
Dockerfile
with the following contents.Dockerfile# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1 # Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started. # If you need more help, visit the Dockerfile reference guide at # https://docs.docker.com/go/dockerfile-reference/ # Want to help us make this template better? Share your feedback here: https:// forms.gle/ybq9Krt8jtBL3iCk7 ARG PYTHON_VERSION=3.11.4 FROM python:${PYTHON_VERSION}-slim as base # Prevents Python from writing pyc files. ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 # Keeps Python from buffering stdout and stderr to avoid situations where # the application crashes without emitting any logs due to buffering. ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 WORKDIR /app # Create a non-privileged user that the app will run under. # See https://docs.docker.com/go/dockerfile-user-best-practices/ ARG UID=10001 RUN adduser \ --disabled-password \ --gecos "" \ --home "/nonexistent" \ --shell "/sbin/nologin" \ --no-create-home \ --uid "${UID}" \ appuser # Download dependencies as a separate step to take advantage of Docker's caching. # Leverage a cache mount to /root/.cache/pip to speed up subsequent builds. # Leverage a bind mount to requirements.txt to avoid having to copy them into # into this layer. RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip \ --mount=type=bind,source=requirements.txt,target=requirements.txt \ python -m pip install -r requirements.txt # Switch to the non-privileged user to run the application. USER appuser # Copy the source code into the container. COPY . . # Expose the port that the application listens on. EXPOSE 8001 # Run the application. CMD python3 -m uvicorn app:app --host=0.0.0.0 --port=8001
Create a file named
compose.yaml
with the following contents.compose.yaml# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started. # If you need more help, visit the Docker Compose reference guide at # https://docs.docker.com/go/compose-spec-reference/ # Here the instructions define your application as a service called "server". # This service is built from the Dockerfile in the current directory. # You can add other services your application may depend on here, such as a # database or a cache. For examples, see the Awesome Compose repository: # https://github.com/docker/awesome-compose services: server: build: context: . ports: - 8001:8001 # The commented out section below is an example of how to define a PostgreSQL # database that your application can use. `depends_on` tells Docker Compose to # start the database before your application. The `db-data` volume persists the # database data between container restarts. The `db-password` secret is used # to set the database password. You must create `db/password.txt` and add # a password of your choosing to it before running `docker compose up`. # depends_on: # db: # condition: service_healthy # db: # image: postgres # restart: always # user: postgres # secrets: # - db-password # volumes: # - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data # environment: # - POSTGRES_DB=example # - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password # expose: # - 5432 # healthcheck: # test: [ "CMD", "pg_isready" ] # interval: 10s # timeout: 5s # retries: 5 # volumes: # db-data: # secrets: # db-password: # file: db/password.txt
Create a file named
.dockerignore
with the following contents..dockerignore# Include any files or directories that you don't want to be copied to your # container here (e.g., local build artifacts, temporary files, etc.). # # For more help, visit the .dockerignore file reference guide at # https://docs.docker.com/go/build-context-dockerignore/ **/.DS_Store **/__pycache__ **/.venv **/.classpath **/.dockerignore **/.env **/.git **/.gitignore **/.project **/.settings **/.toolstarget **/.vs **/.vscode **/*.*proj.user **/*.dbmdl **/*.jfm **/bin **/charts **/docker-compose* **/compose.y*ml **/Dockerfile* **/node_modules **/npm-debug.log **/obj **/secrets.dev.yaml **/values.dev.yaml LICENSE README.md
Create a file named
.gitignore
with the following contents..gitignore# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files __pycache__/ *.py[cod] *$py.class # C extensions *.so # Distribution / packaging .Python build/ develop-eggs/ dist/ downloads/ eggs/ .eggs/ lib/ lib64/ parts/ sdist/ var/ wheels/ share/python-wheels/ *.egg-info/ .installed.cfg *.egg MANIFEST # Unit test / coverage reports htmlcov/ .tox/ .nox/ .coverage .coverage.* .cache nosetests.xml coverage.xml *.cover *.py,cover .hypothesis/ .pytest_cache/ cover/ # PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow and github.com/pdm-project/pdm __pypackages__/ # Environments .env .venv env/ venv/ ENV/ env.bak/ venv.bak/
ローカルデータベースの追加とデータ維持
コンテナーでは、ローカルサービスとしてたとえばデータベースを構築することができます。
本節では compose.yaml
ファイルを編集して、データベースサービスを追加してデータ保存のためのボリュームを定義します。
In the cloned repository's directory, open the compose.yaml
file in an IDE or text editor. docker init
handled creating most of the instructions, but you'll need to update it for your unique application.
In the compose.yaml
file, you need to uncomment all of the database instructions. In addition, you need to add the database password file as an environment variable to the server service and specify the secret file to use .
書き換えた compose.yaml
ファイルは以下のようになります。
services:
server:
build:
context: .
ports:
- 8001:8001
environment:
- POSTGRES_SERVER=db
- POSTGRES_USER=postgres
- POSTGRES_DB=example
- POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
depends_on:
db:
condition: service_healthy
secrets:
- db-password
db:
image: postgres
restart: always
user: postgres
secrets:
- db-password
volumes:
- db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
environment:
- POSTGRES_DB=example
- POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
expose:
- 5432
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
interval: 10s
timeout: 5s
retries: 5
volumes:
db-data:
secrets:
db-password:
file: db/password.txt
メモ
To learn more about the instructions in the Compose file, see Compose file reference.
Before you run the application using Compose, notice that this Compose file specifies a password.txt
file to hold the database's password. You must create this file as it's not included in the source repository.
In the cloned repository's directory, create a new directory named db
and inside that directory create a file named password.txt
that contains the password for the database. Using your favorite IDE or text editor, add the following contents to the password.txt
file.
mysecretpassword
Save and close the password.txt
file.
You should now have the following contents in your python-docker-dev-example
directory.
├── python-docker-dev-example/
│ ├── db/
│ │ └── password.txt
│ ├── app.py
│ ├── config.py
│ ├── requirements.txt
│ ├── .dockerignore
│ ├── .gitignore
│ ├── compose.yaml
│ ├── Dockerfile
│ ├── README.Docker.md
│ └── README.md
Now, run the following docker compose up
command to start your application.
$ docker compose up --build
Now test your API endpoint. Open a new terminal then make a request to the server using the curl commands:
Let's create an object with a post method
$ curl -X 'POST' \
'http://localhost:8001/heroes/' \
-H 'accept: application/json' \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-d '{
"id": 1,
"name": "my hero",
"secret_name": "austing",
"age": 12
}'
You should receive the following response:
{
"age": 12,
"id": 1,
"name": "my hero",
"secret_name": "austing"
}
Let's make a get request with the next curl command:
curl -X 'GET' \
'http://localhost:8001/heroes/' \
-H 'accept: application/json'
You should receive the same response as above because it's the only one object we have in database.
{
"age": 12,
"id": 1,
"name": "my hero",
"secret_name": "austing"
}
Press ctrl+c
in the terminal to stop your application.
サービスの自動更新
Use Compose Watch to automatically update your running Compose services as you edit and save your code. For more details about Compose Watch, see Use Compose Watch.
Open your compose.yaml
file in an IDE or text editor and then add the Compose
Watch instructions. The following is the updated compose.yaml
file.
services:
server:
build:
context: .
ports:
- 8001:8001
environment:
- POSTGRES_SERVER=db
- POSTGRES_USER=postgres
- POSTGRES_DB=example
- POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
depends_on:
db:
condition: service_healthy
secrets:
- db-password
develop:
watch:
- action: rebuild
path: .
db:
image: postgres
restart: always
user: postgres
secrets:
- db-password
volumes:
- db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
environment:
- POSTGRES_DB=example
- POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
expose:
- 5432
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
interval: 10s
timeout: 5s
retries: 5
volumes:
db-data:
secrets:
db-password:
file: db/password.txt
Run the following command to run your application with Compose Watch.
$ docker compose watch
In a terminal, curl the application to get a response.
$ curl http://localhost:8001
Hello, Docker!
Any changes to the application's source files on your local machine will now be immediately reflected in the running container.
Open python-docker-dev-example/app.py
in an IDE or text editor and update the Hello, Docker!
string by adding a few more exclamation marks.
- return 'Hello, Docker!'
+ return 'Hello, Docker!!!'
Save the changes to app.py
and then wait a few seconds for the application to rebuild. Curl the application again and verify that the updated text appears.
$ curl http://localhost:8001
Hello, Docker!!!
Press ctrl+c
in the terminal to stop your application.
まとめ
In this section, you took a look at setting up your Compose file to add a local database and persist data. You also learned how to use Compose Watch to automatically rebuild and run your container when you update your code.
関連情報
次のステップ
In the next section, you'll take a look at how to set up a CI/CD pipeline using GitHub Actions.